THE SOUTHERN EXTENT OF THE KURA-ARAXES CULTURE IN IRAN: EVIDENCE FROM GŪNESPĀN TEPE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32653/CH221119-134Keywords:
Central Zagros, Bronze Age, Kura-Araxes, gray-black burnished potteryAbstract
During the 4th millennium BC, the Kura-Arax culture emerged as an important archaeological phenomenon in the Caucasus and the Near East. Over the course of several centuries, the culture spread from Transcaucasia and northwestern Iran to southeastern Anatolia and Levant. The culture has been referred to in Iran by various names, including Yanik, Kura-Arax, and Godin IV. During archaeological excavations at Tepe Gūnespān, Malayer, in 2009, deposits containing Kura-Arax-type pottery were discovered, providing valuable insights into the final phase of this culture in the central Zagros region. Based on archaeological findings from this site, this article examines the characteristics of the Kura-Arax culture at its southernmost limit, as well as the timing and process of its decline. The results of the excavations indicate that Gūnespān was first inhabited during the Kura-Arax period, and that cultural deposits up to 250 cm thick belong to this phase. Although no architectural remains were identified due to excavation limitations, evidence suggests that this was a permanent settlement. The most distinctive feature of this culture is its gray-black burnished pottery, which can be categorized into seven groups at Gūnespān. Most of these ceramics are plain, with incised decorations being rare. The findings indicate that the gray-black burnished pottery tradition of the Kura-Araxes culture was widespread in the central Zagros region during the first half of the third millennium BCE, demonstrating its southernmost extent of influence. By the mid-third millennium BCE, painted buff ware emerged and gradually replaced the Kura-Araxes gray-black burnished pottery tradition.
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- immediately upon receipt of a Publisher's notification, take measures to settle disputes with such third party, and, where necessary, join the litigation in favor of the Publisher and use its best endeavors to exclude the Publisher from the defendants;
- reimburse the legal cost, expenses and loss incurred by the Publisher as a result of application of a pre-award relief and measures for execution of a judgment, and damages paid by the Publisher to any third party for the infringement of exclusive copyright and/or other intellectual property rights, as well as other expenditures incurred by the Publisher as a result of infringement by the Author of any warranties provided hereunder.
10.3. Subject to Article 6 of the Federal Law On Personal Data No. 152-FZ dated July 27, 2006, for the period from the conclusion of this Agreement and until the discharge of Parties obligations hereunder, the Author expresses his/her consent to processing of the following personal data by the Publisher: last name, first name, patronymic; taxpayers identification number (TIN); place and date of birth; citizenship details; ID document details; registration and actual location address; e-mail address; mailing address with postal code; contact phone numbers; fax numbers; and details of the employers.
10.4. The Publisher is entitled to process the above personal data for the purpose of this Agreement performance, including for provision of information and reference services to the Author. The processing of personal data shall be understood to mean any handing (operations) with personal data, including collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, refinement (update, alteration), use, distribution (including transfer to third parties), depersonalization, blocking and deletion of personal data in accordance with the effective Russian Federation legislation.
10.5. Where permitted by the Russian Federation legislation, the Author is entitled to withdraw his/her consent to processing of personal data as listed in Clause 10.3 by forwarding a respective notice to the Publisher. Upon receipt of such notice, the Publisher has a right to suspend services.
10.6. The Author will, on a goodwill basis, submit his/her details (and details of each Co-Author subject to their prior consent) to the Journal's Editorial Office consisting of his/her: last name, first name, patronymic, academic rank, academic degree, job title, employer details (name and mailing address), work phone number and e-mail address for the purpose of its general publication in the Journal along with the Article.
- Registered Address and Particulars of the Publisher
The Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences.
Address: M. Yaragskogo st. 75, Makhachkala, Republic of Daghestan, 367030, Russian Federation.
Tel./fax: +7 (872) 262-4571, +7 (872) 262-9097
E-mail: caucasushistory@yandex.ru
