ЭТНОКОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ КАРТИНА АСТРАХАНИ ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ «ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ» ЭКСПЕДИЦИИ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК 1768–1774 годов

Авторы

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32653/CH183585-605

Ключевые слова:

«физическая» экспедиция 1768–1774 гг., Академия наук, С. Г. Гмелин, Астрахань, татары, армяне, казаки

Аннотация

Этноконфессиональному облику Астрахани во второй половине XVIII в. посвящен ряд научных публикаций и исследований (А. И. Юхт, М. М. Имашева, Э. В. Кугрышева, А. Л. Рябцев), но проблема полностью не исчерпана. В настоящей работе нами ставится цель воссоздать наиболее полную и объективную картину формирования этнического и конфессионального состава Астрахани во второй половине XVIII в. и жизни её общин по материалам «физической» экспедиции Академии наук в 1768–1774 гг., которая ранее не часто привлекала внимание исследователей. Методологическую основу статьи составили главные принципы исторической науки: объективность, научность и историзм, предполагающие изучение исторических событий и фактов в конкретных исторических условиях. Проведенное исследование показало, что на этноконфессиональные процессы Астрахани в значительной степени повлияли события внешнеполитического и торгово-экономического характера в регионе. Астрахань была центром международной торговли, связывая Европу с Азией, и европейские нравы и инновации быстро проникали в город, который вбирал определенное количество инородного элемента. По сути, материалы «физической» экспедиции второй половины XVIII в. стали одним из основных источников получения новых фактов и накопления этнографического материала по истории астраханских общин. Следовательно, исследования астраханской экспедиции 1768–1774 гг. под руководством академика С. Гмелина представляют огромное значение для изучения этноконфессиональной истории Астрахани и населяющих ее народов, экономических перспектив края, с учетом исто­рических особенностей региона. Сочинение С. Гмелина «Путешествие по России для исследования трех царств естества» занимает своё достойное место среди первоисточников по истории Юга России второй половины XVIII в.

Скачивания

Данные по скачиваниям пока не доступны.

Биография автора

  • Гоар Жораевна Мхитарян, Институт Востоковедения НАА РА; Ереванский государственный университет
    к.и.н., старший научный сотрудник

Список литературы

Kisser TS. On the organisation of the «physical» expeditions of 1768-1774. Kunstkamera 2019; 3(5):164-170 (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31250/2618-8619-2019-3(5)-164-170

Observations of the Apparition of Venus in the Sun in the Russian Empire in 1769 with a Historical Preface by Stepan Rumovsky [Nablyudeniya iavleniya Venery v Solntse v rossiyskoi imperii v 1769 godu uchineniem s istoricheskim preduvedomleniem, sochinennym Stepanom Rumovskim]. Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1771:165. (In Russ.)

Mkhitarian G.Zh. S. Gmelin’s Journey to Eastern Transcaucasia and Northern Iran. Countries and Peoples of the Near and Middle East. Ed. R. A. Safrastyan et al. – Vol. XXXI. 2018:76-87. (In Armenian) DOI: 10.52837/18291422-2018.31-76

Gmelin S.G. A trip across Russia to explore the three kingdoms of nature: Part 2 [Puteshestviye po Rossii dlya issledovaniya trekh tsarstv yestestva: Chast 2. Ot Cherkaska do Astrakhani i prebyvanie v sem gorode: s nachala avgusta 1769 po piatoe iyunia 1770 goda.] Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1777:361. (In Russ.)

New and Complete Geographical Dictionary of the Russian State: Part 1. Moscow: University printing house, 1788:292. (In Russ.)

John Bell. Bell’s travels through Russia to various Asiatic lands, namely, to Ispahan, to Peking, to Derbent and Constantinople. Part. 1. [Journey to Persia and China] [Belevy puteshestviia chrez Rossiyu v raznie Asiatskie zemli, a imenno: v Ispagan, v Pekin, v Derbent i Konstantinopol’. Ch. 1. [Put’ v Persiyu i Kitay], Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1776:251. (In Russ).

Voskanyan VK. From the History of the Establishment of Armenian Settlements in Russia. Bulletin of Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia 1960; (2):26-44. (In Armenian).

History of the Tatars from the most ancient times, in 7 volumes. Vol. V: The Tatar people within the Russian state (second half of the XVI-XVIII centuries). [Istoriya tatar s drevneishikh vremen, v 7-i tomakh, t. V, Tatarskiy narod v sostave Rossiyskogo gosudarstva (vtoraya polovina XVI–XVIII vv.)]. Kazan, 2014:1112. (In Russ.)

Syzranov AV. Tatars of Astrakhan in the second half of XVI-XX centuries: pages of ethnic history. Astrakhan Petrovsky readings: “Russia – Astrakhan – The East: integral interaction (to the 300th anniversary of the Astrakhan province)”. Materials of the International scientific conference. Ed. and coauthors: Romanova AP, Timofeeva EG, Tyurin AO.; 2017 oct 26-28; Astrakhan. Astrakhan: “Astrakhan University”, 2018: 116–119 (In Russ.)

Aliev RT. The problem of ethnic identification of the Yurt Tartars. Journal of Frontier Studies 2016; (3):39-51 (In Russ.)

Aliev RT. The problem of the ethnic identity of the Astrakhan Tatars in the sources of the XVI–XVII centuries. Astrakhan Petrovsky readings: “Russia – Astrakhan – The East: integral interaction (to the 300th anniversary of the Astrakhan province)”. Materials of the International scientific conference. Ed. and coauthors: Romanova AP, Timofeeva EG, Tyurin AO. 2017 oct 26-28; Astrakhan: “Astrakhan University” 2018: 176-178. (In Russ.)

Yukht AI. The Indian colony in Astrakhan. Questions of History. 1957; (3):135-143 (In Russ.)

Geographical Lexicon of the Russian State, or Dictionary, describing in alphabetical order rivers, lakes, seas, mountains, towns, fortresses, notable monasteries, castles, winter camps, ore mines and other memorable places of the vast Russian Empire. Moscow: University printing house, 1773: 479. (In Russ.)

Imasheva MM. Astrakhan guest courts at the end of XVIII – first half of XIX as a form of entrepreneurship of persian merchants. Science Vector of Togliatti State University 2015; 1(31):145-149. (In Russ.)

Gusarova EV. Astrakhan findings: History, architecture, urban planning of Astrakhan in the XVI-XVIII Centuries According to documents from the collections of St. Petersburg [Astrakhanskie nakhodki: istoriya, arkhitektura, gradostroitel’stvo Astrakhani XVI-XVIII vv. Po documentam iz sovraniy Peterburga]. Saint Petersburg, 2009:492. (In Russ.)

Nebolsin PI. Studies of the Lower Volga region [Ocherki Volzhskogo ponizov’ya] Saint Petersburg, 1852:197. (In Russ.)

Magomedov NA., Magaramov SA. The indian merchants in development of trade contacts between Derbent and Astrakhan in the XVII century [Indiyskoe kupechestvo v razvitii torgovykh kontaktov Derbenta s Astrakhan’yu] The almanac of contemporary science and education, “Gramota”. 2014; 8 (46): 105-108. (In Russ.)

Imasheva MM. On Entrepreneurship of Tatars of Bukhara, Gilyan and Agryzhan Yards at the End of XVIII — Early XIX Centuries [O predprinimatel’stve tatar Buharskogo, Gilyanskogo i Agryzhanskogo dvorov v konce XVIII — nachale XIX vv.]. Kaspijskij region. Politika, ekonomika, kul’tura. 2012; 3:40-50. (In Russ.)

Khabutdinov AYu., Khabutdinova MM., Imasheva MM. Tatar Settlements of Kazan and Astrakhan in the Second Half of the 18th – Early 20th Centuries: Culture And Development. [Tatarskie slobody Kazani I Astrakhani vo vtoroy polovine XVIII – nachale XX v.: kulura I razvitie]. Islam in the modern world. 2020; 16(2):139-158. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.22311/2074-1529-2020-16-2-139-158

Chulkov MD. A historical description of Russian commerce. Vol. 2. Book 3. [Istoricheskoe opisanie rossiyskogo kommertsii. T. II. Kn. III.] Moscow: University printing house, 1785:646. (In Russ.)

Imasheva MM. The White “Tatar” Mosque of Astrakhan [Belaya «tatarskaya» mechet’ goroda Astrahani]. Ekho vekov. 2017; 3-4:117-126. (In Russ.)

Imasheva MM. Astrakhan city society of Tatars of Three Courts - problems of ethnic, socio-legal and economic identification at the end of XVIII - first half of XIX centuries [Astrakhanskoe gorodskoe obshhestvo Tatar Trekh dvorov – problemy etnicheskoy, socialno-pravovoy i ekonomicheskoy identifikacii v konce XVIII – pervoy polovine XIX vv.] Materials of the international scientific conference «Historical Fate of Peoples of Volga and Urals region (XVIII - mid XIX cc.)». Kazan. 2015:204-221. (In Russ.)

Mkhitarian GZh. The Armenian Community of Astrakhan in Samuel Gmelin’s Journey. Armenia and Eastern Christian Civilisation, III Republican Conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the famous Armenian-Caucasian scholar Pavel Chobanyan (1948-2017); 2018 may 17-18; Yerevan. Yerevan. 2018:224–233. (In Armenian.)

Khachikyan LS. Armenians in ancient Moscow and on the routes leading to Moscow. [Armiane v drevnei Moskve i na putiakh vedushchikh v Moskvu]. Yerevan, 2009:114. (In Russ.)

Khachikian VA. Establishment of an Armenian colony in Astrakhan. Bulletin of Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia 1983; (4):44-57.

The Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles. Т. 25. The Moscow Annalistic Code of the late 15th century [Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey. T. 25. Moskovskii letopisnyi svod kontsa XV veka]. / Edited by M. N. Tikhomirov, prepared by E. P. Borisova, T. N. Protasieva, M. V. Shchepkina; Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. M.; L.: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1949:464. (In Russ.)

Zaytsev IV. Astrakhan Khanate. [Astrakhanskoe khanstvo]. Moscow: Publishing house Vostochnaya literatura, 2006:303. (In Russ.)

Rybushkin MS. Notes on Astrakhan. [Zapiski ob Astrakhani]. Moscow: Tip. S. Selivanovskogo, 1841:221. (In Russ.)

Monuments of diplomatic and trade relations between Moscow Rus’ and Persia. Т. 3. The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich. [Pamiatniki diplomaticheskikh i torgovykh snoshenii Moskovskoi Rusi s Persiey. Vol. 3: Tsarstvovanie Mikhaila Fedorovicha]. – Saint Petersbur, 1898:738. (In Russ.)

Abrahamyan AG. Short Outline of the History of Armenian Resettlement Centres. [Kratkiy ocherk istorii armianskikh pereselencheskikh ochagov] Vol. 1. Yerevan, 1964:305. (In Armenian).

The Klyucharyov chronicle. History about the beginning and resumption of Astrakhan, events that happened there, about its former bishops, and also about voivodes, town governors and governors. [Kliucharevskaia letopis’. Istoriya o nachale i vozobnovlenii Astrakhani, sluchivshikhsia v nei proisshestviyakh, ob arkhiereiakh v onoi byvshikh, a takzhe o voevodakh, gradonachal’nikakh i gubernatorakh]. – Astrakhan, 1887:89. (In Russ.)

Kugrysheva EV. History of the Armenians of Astrakhan. [Istoria armyan Astrakhani] Astrakhan: Volga Publishing House, 2007:287. (In Russ.)

Khachaturyan VA. Formation of an Armenian colony in Astrakhan [Obrazovanie armyanskoy kolonii Astrakhani] Bulletin of Social Sciences. 1983; 4:44-57. (In Russ.)

Yukht AI. Participation of Armenian merch34. ants in Russia’s domestic trade (20th-40th years of the 18th century) [Uchastie armyanskogo kupechestva vo vnutrenney torgovle Rossii (20-40-e gg. XVIII v] Historical and Philological Journal. 1979; 3:112-128. (In Russ.)

Timofeeva AA. Religious structures of everyday life of Astrakhan Armenians [Religioznye struktury povsednevnosti Astrakhanskikh armyan] Crossroads of History. Current Problems of Historical Science: Proceedings of the IX All-Russian Scientific Conference, April 27, 2013, dedicated to the 455th anniversary of Astrakhan. Astrakhan, 2013:44–47. (In Russ.)

Khachaturyan VA. Population of the Armenian colony in Astrakhan in the second half of the 18th century [Naselenie armyanskoy kolonii v Astrakhani vo vtoroy polovine XVIII veka.] Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Social Sciences. 1965: (7):77-87.

Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire. First collection, 1649-1825 Vol. XXVIII. [Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe. 1649- 1825 gg. T. XXV], Ed. M. M. Speransky, Saint Petersburg: Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty’s own Chancellery, 1830:1349. (In Russ).

Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire. First collection, 1649-1825 Vol. XII. [Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe. 1649- 1825 gg. T. XII], Ed. M. M. Speransky, Saint Petersburg: Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty’s own Chancellery, 1830:962. (In Russ).

Khachaturyan VA. Administrative and Legal Status of the Astrakhan Armenians in the Second Half of the 18th Century [Administrativno-pravovoe polozhenie astrakhanskikh armyan vo vtoroy polovine XVIII veka.] Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Social Sciences. 1963; (12):57-68. (In Russ.)

Yukht AI. Social Struggle in the Armenian Colony of Astrakhan (mid-18th century). Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR. Social Sciences. 1979; (6):69-80 (In Russ.)

Complete Collection of the Laws of the Russian Empire. First collection, 1649-1825 Vol. XVI. [Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Sobranie pervoe. 1649- 1825 gg. T. XVI], Ed. M. M. Speransky, Saint Petersburg: Printing house of the II department of His Imperial Majesty’s own Chancellery, 1830:1120. (In Russ).

Kharchenko MV. Influence of Armenian Diaspora on the socio-cultural life of Astrakhan [Vliyanie armyanskoy diaspory na sotsiokulturnuyu zhizn Astrakhani] Astrakhan Local History Readings: collection of articles / edited by A.A. Kurapov. Astrakhan: Publisher: Sorokin Roman Vasilievich, 2013; (5):414-417. (In Russ.)

Biryukov IA. Astrakhan Cossacks (Historical sketches and stories. Geographical, economic and service information about the army). [Astrakhanskie kazaki (Istoricheskie ocherki i rasskazy. Geograficheskie, ekonomicheskie i sluzhebnye svedeniya o voiske)]. Astrakhan, 1904:228. (In Russ.)

Biryukov IA. History of the Astrakhan Cossack Troops. Part I: The components of the army. Its establishment. Bodies of the army administration. Various military establishments and institutions. Subordination of the army. Troops’ and Cadet Atamans. [Istoriya Astrakhanskogo kazach’ego voiska. Ch. I: Sostavnye chasti voiska. Uchrezhdenie ego. Organy voiskovogo upravleniya. Razlichnye voiskovye ustanovleniya i uchrezhdeniya. Podchinenie voiska. Voiskovye i Nakaznye Atamany.]. Saratov. 1911:745. (In Russ.)

Vasil'eva EA. History of the emergence of a multi-ethnic population in the Astrakhan region. In responsible editor Dvornichenko A.Y. Russian Antiquities. Collection of scientific works. To the 75th anniversary of Professor I.Y. Froyanov [Russkie drevnosti. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. K 75-letiyu professora I. Y. Froianova]; Stait Petersburg. 2011(6) :328–341. (In Russ.)

Evlyia Chelebi. The Book of Journeys (Extracts from the Writings of a Seventeenth-Century Turkish Traveller). Issue. 2. The Lands of the North Caucasus, the Volga Region and the Don Region. [Kniga puteshestviya (Izvlecheniya iz sochineniya turetskogo puteshestvennika XVII veka). Vyp. 2. Zemli Severnogo Kavkaza, Povolzh’ia i Podon’ia.] Moscow: “Nauka “, 1979:288 (In Russ.).

Gmelin SG. A trip across Russia to explore the three kingdoms of nature: Part 3. Journey from St.Petersburg to Cherkask, the main city of the Don Cossacks in 1768 and 1769. [Puteshestvie po Rossii dlia issledovaniya trekh tsarstv estestva. Chast I: Puteshestvie iz Sankt Peterburga do Cherkaska, glavnago goroda donskikh kozakov v 1768 i 1769 godakh]. Saint Petersbur: Under the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1771:272. (In Russ.).

Atlas of Russia which consists of nineteen special maps showing Russian Empire with frontier lands which was composed according to the rules of geography and new observances with General map of this great empire enclosed. [Russischer Atlas. In German]. Saint Petersburg, 1745:31. (In Russ.).

Khropov AG. Reconstructing the routes of the participants in the Academy of Sciences’ “physical” expeditions of 1768-1774 according to modern cartographic materials. Kunstkamera. 2019; 3(5):239-251 (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31250/2618-8619-2019-3(5)-239-251

Golovnev AV., Kisser TS. An Ethnoportrait of the Empire in the writings of P.S. Pallas and I.I. Georgi. Ural Historical Bulletin. 2015; 3(48):59-70 (In Russ.).

Duldenko AA., Galvas VA. Astrakhan stage of S. G. Gmelin’s expedition In materials of Russian and foreign archives. Oriental Studies. 2018. 11;40 (6):30-35. DOI: 10.22162/2619 0990 2018 40 6 30 35.

Feklova TYu. “Obedient decrees” of the Senate: the formation of expeditionary record-keeping by the example of academic expeditions 1768-1774. Kunstkamera. 2019; 3(5):171-178 (In Russ.) DOI:10.31250/2618-8619-2019-3(5)-171-178

Загрузки

Опубликован

10.10.2022

Выпуск

Раздел

История

Как цитировать

1.
Мхитарян ГЖ. ЭТНОКОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ КАРТИНА АСТРАХАНИ ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ «ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ» ЭКСПЕДИЦИИ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК 1768–1774 годов. ИАЭК. 2022;18(3):585-605. doi:10.32653/CH183585-605