АРАБСКАЯ НАДПИСЬ 1693–94 г. ИЗ ЮЖНОГО ДАГЕСТАНА О СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ РИБАТА
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32653/CH222%25pKeywords:
Дагестан, арабская эпиграфика, рибат, Гельмец, Микик, цахурские султаныAbstract
В статье автором впервые вводится в научный оборот содержание ценной и информативной надписи на арабском языке, которая ныне хранится в музее высокогорного дагестанского (цахурского) селения Гельмец, а была обнаружена в соседнем цахурском селении Микик. Эта памятная надпись датирована 1105 г. хиджры (1693–94 г.). Она была составлена по случаю строительства сооружения, обозначенного в тексте термином рибат, что фиксируется в мусульманской эпиграфике Дагестана и России впервые. Установлено, что этот строительный объект по своему назначению носил, прежде всего, религиозный характер. Автор пришел к выводу, что под термином рибат следует понимать, в данном случае, суфийскую обитель, которая могла выполнять также функции караван-сарая и пристанища для путников и странствующих суфиев (дервишей). О фактах существования рибатов в Дагестане в послемонгольское время не было известно. Находка надписи показывает, что рибаты продолжали строить в регионе и в конце XVII в. Строительство такого сооружения было напрямую связано с глубокими суфийскими традициями в Самурском регионе, который был очень рано исламизирован. В частности, это следует увязать с широким распространением тариката братства Халватийа, суфийские практики которого проникли в Южный Дагестан в XV–XVI вв. из соседнего Ширвана.
Надпись 1693–94 г. – одна из самых богатых в эпиграфике Дагестана по количеству приводимых в ней имен собственных (включая насаб). В надписи содержатся имена организатора строительства, его брата и отца, пятерых мастеров-строителей с указанием их происхождения. Отдельно указаны имена каллиграфа и резчика декоративной резьбы. Уникальный характер носит также информация надписи о том, что строительство рибата было осуществлено во время правления Амирхан-султана, который идентифицируется как правитель Цахуро-Илисуйского султаната – феодального владения, занимавшего верховья реки Самур в Южном Дагестане и смежную территорию Закавказья. О времени правления Амирхан-султана прежде не было известно. Перевод надписи снабжен научными комментариями.
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