NEW STONE RELIEFS-ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF THE 14th – 18th CENTURIES FROM KUBACHI WITH ORNAMENT AND ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32653/CH172304-329Keywords:
Dagestan, Kubachi, architectural details of the 14th-18th centuries, ornament, Arabic inscriptions.Abstract
The paper describes stone reliefs of the architectural decor of the 14th – 18th centuries with floral ornaments and Arabic inscriptions, discovered by the author in different years of the 20th – 21st centuries in the villages of Kubachi and Shiri, which are currently stored in museum collections. This paper is a continuation of a previous study of the stone reliefs from the village of Kubachi. The author provides the description of 20 reliefs, of which one (№ 12) is stored in the State Hermitage, seven others (№ 13–18, 20) – in the National Museum of the Republic of Dagestan (NMRD); eleven reliefs (№ 1–11) were revealed by us in Kubachi, and one relief (№19) – in the village of Shiri. The Kubachi reliefs are inserted in the structure of various residential or cult buildings (mosques) of the upper, middle and lower livings districts of the village. The reliefs had been obtained from the ruins of old buildings and installed into walls of new ones during their construction for decorative purpose. The integrity of the reliefs varies: some remained in a satisfactory condition, some have defects (break-offs, splits, etc.), others are incomplete, i.e. in fragments. Most of the reliefs considered in the article were drawn with estampage prints, which were then transferred to A1 paper sheets with the use of ink.
The restoration of the broken-off details of the decoration of the reliefs № 7 and 16 was carried out by us. The Arabic inscriptions of some reliefs (№ 13–14), which are kept in the National Museum of the Republic of Dagestan, have not been translated into Russian due to the difficulty of reading or poor integrity. Many reliefs of the 14th – 18th centuries with floral ornaments and Arabic inscriptions, found in the masonry of the walls of some residential and religious buildings, especially the quarter mosque in the lowest part of Kubachi, are still not included in the article. The location of the reliefs in the upper parts (third floor) of buildings erected on a very steep slope makes it impossible to photograph them properly.
The dating of some reliefs (№ 1–4, etc.) is preliminary. It can be further clarified on the basis of analogies after the publication of unpublished reliefs preserved in the village of Kubachi and those stored in museums – the State Hermitage and NMRD.
Accurate dating of medieval art monuments in Kubachi without dates is one of the challenges in studying them.
Description of the reliefs revealed in Kubachi is given in the order of recording them at different times and in different districts of the old part of the village.
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References
Mammaev MM. New stone reliefs from Kubachi – architectural details of the XIV-XV centuries with graphic subjects [Novyye kamennyye rel’yefy – arkhitekturnyye detali XIV–XV vv. iz s. Kubachi s izobrazitel’nymi syuzhetami]. History, archeology and ethnography of the Caucasus. Makhachkala. 2020, 16(3): 661–681.
Mammaev MM. Art of Zirikhgeran-Kubachi of the XIII-XV centuries and its place in the system of artistic cultures of the East and West [Iskusstvo Zirikhgerana-Kubachi XIII–XV vv. i yego mesto v sisteme khudozhestvennykh kul’tur Vostoka i Zapada]. Makhachkala: Epokha, 2014.
Kilchevskaya EV. From pictoriality to ornament [Ot izobrazitel’nosti k ornamentu]. Moscow: Nauka. Main editorial of oriental literature, 1968.
Ivanov AA. On the dating of the Kubachi monuments. Art of Kubachi. Album [O datirovke kubachinskikh pamyatnikov // Iskusstvo Kubachi. Al’bom]. A.A. Ivanov (comp.). Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. p. 164–207.
Ivanov AA. (comp.). The art of Kubachi. Album [Iskusstvo Kubachi. Al’bom]. Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976.
Kilchevskaya EV. Decorative art of the aul Kubachi [Dekorativnoye iskusstvo aula Kubachi]. Moscow: State Publishing House of Local Industry and Artistic Crafts of the RSFSR, 1962.
Bashkirov AS. Art of Dagestan. Carved stones [Iskusstvo Dagestan. Reznyye kamni]. Moscow: RANION, 1931.
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Dimand MS. Handbook of Muhammadan Art. Third edition. New York, 1958. p. 97–98. Fig. 57.
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Additional Files
- Рис. 1. Рельеф (26х20 см) с раст (Russian)
- Рис. 2. Рельеф (28х28 см) с раст (Russian)
- Рис. 3. Рельеф (32х27 см) с раст (Russian)
- Рис. 4. Рельеф (21,5х22 см) с ра (Russian)
- Рис. 5. Рельеф (17,5х20,5 см) с (Russian)
- Рис. 6. Рельеф (26,5х22 см) с ар (Russian)
- Рис. 7. Рельеф (39х27 см) с раст (Russian)
- Рис. 8. Рельеф (21х22 см) с лент (Russian)
- Рис. 10. Рельеф (77,5х15 см) с а (Russian)
- Рис. 11. Рельеф (40х34 см) с ара (Russian)
- Рис. 12. Рельеф (54х39 см) с рас (Russian)
- Рис. 13. Рельеф (24х24,5 см) из (Russian)
- Рис. 15. Рельеф (42х20 см) – час (Russian)
- Рис. 16. Рельеф (29х25 см) из с. (Russian)
- Рис. 17. Рельеф (50х15,5 см) с д (Russian)
- Рис. 18. Рельеф (36х35,5 см) – а (Russian)
- Рис. 20. Рельеф (23,5х30 см) из (Russian)
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