TO THE STUDY OF ETHNO-CULTURAL SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE INTERFLUVE OF AKSAY AND AKTASH (NORTH DAGESTAN) IN THE I–II MILLENNIA AD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32653/CH153390-411Keywords:
Novolaksky district, Kazbekovsky district, Aukhovsky district, Avars, Laks, Akkins, Chechens.Abstract
Based on a wide range of various historical sources, the article considers the ethnocultural situation that existed on the territory of the middle course of Aksay and Aktash interfluve for a long historical period of the 1st and the 2nd millennia AD. This region, located on the border of mountains and lowlands remains the contact zone on the territory of which active and diverse ethnocultural, economic and political contacts of cultures and peoples of different origin have been occurring.
At an early stage, from the first centuries AD and up to the era of the Great human migration, this was a contact zone between the local (pra-Dagestan) population and the alien Sarmatian-Alan tribes (Sarmatians, Maskuts, Alans). From the 5th – 6th centuries, various Turkic-speaking tribes, such as the Huns-Savirs, Turkuts, then the Khazars, etc. have been taking part in this close ethnic-cultural interaction process. Medieval Dagestan (Avar-)-Turkic contacts in the zone are reflected in the Salatav dialect of the Avar language and in the local toponymy, represented by both Dagestan (Avar) and Turkic toponyms.
Archaeological data from the medieval historical sources indicates that until the end of the 14th century the central settlement of this microregion was the large Avar city of Almak. At the very end of the 14th century the famous conqueror Timur Barlas devastated this area during several campaigns. As a result, the population was partially exterminated, and they had to hide in the mountainous Avaria. In the 15th – 17th centuries there was a gradual return of these people to their former places of residence. In 1763, the resettlement of the population from Ingushetia and western Chechnya to this microregion began. It was carried out in the framework of the settlement of the lands of the Endirean princes by the tax-paying population in the territory formerly occupied by the Avar farms. In the 19th – early 20th centuries Chechens settled here en masse. At the very end of 1943, a decision was made to establish the Aukhovsky district, but this process was interrupted by the deportation of Akkins and Chechens to Central Asia at the end of February 1944. As a result, the region that had only existed less than half a year, was liquidated. In the largest part of its territory in 1944, the Novolaksky district was founded. In the late 1950s’ Chechens and Akkins returned to Dagestan. At the turn of the 80s’ – 90s’ interethnic relations in the area have deteriorated. The situation escalated in the 90s’ after the decision was made to restore the Aukhovsky district without taking into account the opinion of a significant part of the population. This uncertainty remains to this day, since no final decision has been made on the status of this region.
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7.4. The Author shall have a right to cancel this Agreement unilaterally by sending the Publisher a respective notice in writing at least sixty (60) calendar days prior to the intended date of the Author's Article publication in the Journal.
7.5. The termination of this Agreement for any reasons shall not release the Parties from responsibility for breach of any Agreement terms during the currency hereof.
- Liability
8.1. A Party which has failed to perform its obligations under this Agreement, either in full or in part, shall be held liable pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation in force.
8.2. All the data provided by the Author shall be trustworthy. The Author shall be responsible for completeness and reliability of the data provided to the Publisher. The use of untrustworthy information obtained from the Author shall not entail any responsibility upon the Publisher for any adverse effects resulting from its actions based on such untrustworthy information.
8.3. The Author shall take full personal responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the Russian Federation law on advertising, protection of copyright and related rights, protection of trademarks and service marks, and protection of consumer rights.
8.4. The Publisher shall not be held responsible hereunder for:
- any actions resulting directly or indirectly from the actions of the Author;
- any loss incurred by the Author whether or not the Publisher was in a position to predict such loss.
8.5. The Publisher shall be relieved from any responsibility for non-compliance with the terms of this Agreement if such non-compliance is a result of a force-majeure event such as an act of state authorities, including adoption of legal instruments, fire, flood, earthquake, other natural calamities, loss of power and/or computer network failure, strikes, civil commotions, riots, and any other similar events.
- Dispute Resolution Procedure
9.1. Any disputes and disagreements shall be resolved by the Parties by negotiations, and if the Parties fail to reach an agreement, these shall be resolved in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation.
9.2. If any disagreements remain unresolved, the Parties shall settle those at the location of the Publisher in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation.
- Miscellaneous
10.1. Any notifications, messages, requests etc., excluding documents which need to be forwarded in original form pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation, shall be deemed to have been received by the Author, if delivered (sent) by the Publisher via the Journal's site, including by publishing those, by fax or e-mail specified in the Application, or using other communication facilities. The Parties acknowledge validity of notifications, messages, requests etc. delivered (sent) using the above-listed methods.
10.2. Where the Publisher becomes subject to any claims related to non-compliance with an exclusive copyright or other intellectual property right of any third party during the writing of the Article or in connection with conclusion of this Agreement by the Author, the Author undertakes to:
- immediately upon receipt of a Publisher's notification, take measures to settle disputes with such third party, and, where necessary, join the litigation in favor of the Publisher and use its best endeavors to exclude the Publisher from the defendants;
- reimburse the legal cost, expenses and loss incurred by the Publisher as a result of application of a pre-award relief and measures for execution of a judgment, and damages paid by the Publisher to any third party for the infringement of exclusive copyright and/or other intellectual property rights, as well as other expenditures incurred by the Publisher as a result of infringement by the Author of any warranties provided hereunder.
10.3. Subject to Article 6 of the Federal Law On Personal Data No. 152-FZ dated July 27, 2006, for the period from the conclusion of this Agreement and until the discharge of Parties obligations hereunder, the Author expresses his/her consent to processing of the following personal data by the Publisher: last name, first name, patronymic; taxpayers identification number (TIN); place and date of birth; citizenship details; ID document details; registration and actual location address; e-mail address; mailing address with postal code; contact phone numbers; fax numbers; and details of the employers.
10.4. The Publisher is entitled to process the above personal data for the purpose of this Agreement performance, including for provision of information and reference services to the Author. The processing of personal data shall be understood to mean any handing (operations) with personal data, including collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, refinement (update, alteration), use, distribution (including transfer to third parties), depersonalization, blocking and deletion of personal data in accordance with the effective Russian Federation legislation.
10.5. Where permitted by the Russian Federation legislation, the Author is entitled to withdraw his/her consent to processing of personal data as listed in Clause 10.3 by forwarding a respective notice to the Publisher. Upon receipt of such notice, the Publisher has a right to suspend services.
10.6. The Author will, on a goodwill basis, submit his/her details (and details of each Co-Author subject to their prior consent) to the Journal's Editorial Office consisting of his/her: last name, first name, patronymic, academic rank, academic degree, job title, employer details (name and mailing address), work phone number and e-mail address for the purpose of its general publication in the Journal along with the Article.
- Registered Address and Particulars of the Publisher
The Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences.
Address: M. Yaragskogo st. 75, Makhachkala, Republic of Daghestan, 367030, Russian Federation.
Tel./fax: +7 (872) 262-4571, +7 (872) 262-9097
E-mail: caucasushistory@yandex.ru
